Glossary

Glossary 

Anchorage - Fixing of meaning e.g. the copy text anchors (i.e. fixes to one spot) the meaning of an image

Banners – Typically found at the top or bottom of a print media text. 

Broadsheet - Large format newspapers that report news in depth, often with a serious tone and higher level language. News is dominated by national and international events, politics, business, with less emphasis on celebrities and gossip. Examples: The Independent, The Guardian, The Times, The Telegraph 

Byline - A journalist's name at the beginning of a story.

Captions – Text below an image that describes the image or informs the audience who took the image.

Copy - Main text of a story. 

Cover lines – Captions on a magazine front cover

Emotive Language – the use of language to generate specific emotional reactions in the target audience

Headlines – The text highlighting the main story being given priority by the producers of the print media text. Often designed to be eye-catching.

Inverted pyramid structure - Newspaper stories start with the main events. Then they give more details and eyewitness comments in short paragraphs. The paragraphs at the end of the story are less important than those at the beginning. This allows sub-editors to shorten stories by cutting paragraphs from the end.

Layout – How the print media text has been designed and formatted.

Masthead - The top section of a newspaper which gives the paper’s title, price and date

Sans Serif font – Font type which does not have lines perpendicular to the ends of letters e.g. Comic Sans – often seen as more contemporary. Think of Apple’s advertising. Modern, friendly, direct, clean and minimal. Some of the most well-known sans serif typefaces include Helvetica, Arial, Futura and Franklin Gothic.

Serif font – Font type which does have lines perpendicular to the ends of letters e.g. Times New Roman – generally seen as more traditional or higher class. Classic, elegant, formal, confident and established. Some of the most well-known serif typefaces include Times Roman (and Times New Roman), Rockwell, Georgia and Baskerville.

Splash – The front page story

Sub-headings – Smaller, typically one line headlines for other stories.

Tabloid - Smaller newspapers aimed at a large audience. News is reported in less depth and emphasises human interest stories. The language level is lower, paragraphs and stories shorter, with more use of images. Content often includes more celebrities, media news and gossip. Examples: The Sun, The Mail, The Mirror, The Express 

Text to image ratio – This involves considering how weighted the print media text is with regards to text and image – you need to ask yourself why the ratio exists.

Camera shot type- 

Typography – The collective term when considering elements of print media relating to the style of the text such as the font, colour, serif, sans serif etc.
Media- Mass communication 
Media Text- Any media product we wish to examine 
Saturated colour- Purest colour, bright and bold 
Muted colour- Dull colour that generally is mixed with black to dull it down 
Mode of address- The ways in which relations between addresser and addressee are constructed in a text
Strap line-  Subsidiary heading or caption in a newspaper or magazine.
Left third- the text or image on the lowest left third of the page 
Media language: how the media through their forms, codes, conventions and techniques communicate meanings
Media representations- how the media portray events, issues, individuals and social groups
Media industries- how the media industries’ processes of production, distribution and circulation affect media forms and platforms
Media audiences-how media forms target, reach and address audiences, how audiences interpret and respond to them and how members of audiences become producers themselves.
Media product- refers to media texts, such as television programmes, newspapers, radio programmes etc., as well as to online, social and participatory media platforms
Intertextuality- refers to the way aspects of a particular media product relate to another and thus accrue additional significance. 
Connotation- cultural/underlining meaning, what it symbolises
The semantic code- points to any element in a text that suggests a particular, often additional meaning
High key lighting- bright 
Low key lighting- dull 
Saturated- bright colouring 
Archetype- typical example of a person or a thing 
Complimentary colours- a colour that combined with a given colour makes white or black, intensify each other when sitting next to each other
Analogous colours- a group of 3 colours next to each other on the colour wheel (more harmonious) 
Muted tones- highly saturated hue (such as those from Flat UI Colors) and adding a tint, tone or shade to make it less bright and more subdued. The result is often a softer, calmer color that can be easier to work with and match to the overall design.

Red – anger, passion, rage, desire, excitement, energy, speed, strength, power, heat, love, aggression, danger, fire, blood, war, violence

Pink – love, innocence, healthy, happy, content, romantic, charming, playfulness, soft, delicate, feminine

Yellow – wisdom, knowledge, relaxation, joy, happiness, optimism, idealism, imagination, hope, sunshine, summer, dishonesty, cowardice, betrayal, jealousy, covetousness, deceit, illness, hazard

Orange – humor, energy, balance, warmth, enthusiasm, vibrant, expansive, flamboyant

Green – healing, soothing, perseverance, tenacity, self-awareness, proud, unchanging nature, environment, healthy, good luck, renewal, youth, vigor, spring, generosity, fertility, jealousy, inexperience, envy, grandeur

Blue – faith, spirituality, contentment, loyalty, fulfil  ment peace, tranquility, calm, stability, harmony, unity, trust, truth, confidence, conservatism, security, cleanliness, order, sky, water, cold, technology, depression

Purple/violet – erotic, royalty, nobility, spirituality, ceremony, mysterious, transformation, wisdom, enlightenment, cruelty, arrogance, mourning, power, sensitive, intimacy

Brown – materialistic, sensation, earth, home, outdoors, reliability, comfort, endurance, stability, simplicity

Black – No, power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, anonymity, unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger

White – Yes, protection, love, reverence, purity, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, humility, precision, innocence, youth, birth, winter, snow, good, sterility, marriage (Western cultures), death (Eastern cultures), cold, clinical, sterile

Silver – riches, glamorous, distinguished, earthy, natural, sleek, elegant, high-tech

Gold – precious, riches, extravagance. warm, wealth, prosperity, grandeur
Verisimilitude- the appearance of authenticity 

Bartes semantic code- symbolism 
Protagonist- the leading character or one of the major characters in a play, film, novel, etc.
Antagonist- a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.
Code- Aural or visual symbolic meaning
Decoding- Understanding a media text  
Effect of shot type- implying the mood of the scene and symbolising the different power levels 
Diegetic sound- Sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film: voices of characters, sounds made by objects in the story, music represented as coming from instruments in the story space ( = source music)
Non diegetic sound- Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the action: narrator's commentary, sound effects which is added for the dramatic effect, mood music

Editing- The stage in the film-making process in which sound and images are organised to construct an overall narrative.
Continuity editing- Is multiple cuts to show one continuous action
Match on action- part of invisible editing which creates flow when watching a scene, the clips match together to flow 
Shot- the clip 
Reverse shot- is when a shot goes from shot A, shot B, shot A, shot B etc
Eye-line match- shot that follows what character is looking at, makes cuts smoother the audience expects the cut to happen and is eager to see what happens next/what character sees
Cross cutting- continuously alternating 2 or more scenes that often happen simultaneously (at same time) but in different locations
Effect of editing- Making the audience rest different ways, creating different effects on how the movie is portrayed
Pace: 

Slow- to make slow/calm/still, little number of shots/cuts which are long, to make audience calm or bored (perhaps to pay attention to detail or to emphasise emotion

Medium- to make normal and comfortable, average number shots/cuts which are medium time which could show realism

Fast- to make intense, exciting and thrilling, lots of shots/cuts which are short, to make audience tense/excited

Animation – titles of shows or cartoons

CGI – computer generated images (example = avatar, planet of apes, polar express)

Fast forward/slow motion – speeding up or slowing down footage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIK4Uf9NhJA (fast) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eai1DZVqIRM (slow)

Ghost trail – see multiple actions (overlapped) to show someone drunk or on drugs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5xkFN-pOJc (ghost trail)   ….. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI3bnkWD0Fg  (hallucination when stung by bee at 2:06

B&w –often used to show memory or time period

Contrast – to altar the lighting (or contrast = very light lights and dark darks sometimes with memories

Colour  - to add a colour filter to show a specific mood

Blur – to show un-clarity, or fuzzy memory/flashback  (bee sting scene – some is blurry when Peeta coming)

Mise en scene- props, costume, lighting, 
Cinematography (angle, composition, etc)- 
Close up- Shows detail of subject and can create an emotional connection for the audience
Extreme close up- A tightly framed shot showing extreme detail, perhaps eyes or mouth
Mid shot- Shows subject in some detail whilst still giving some context 
Wide shot- Establishes the context and setting for the subject
Low angle shot (looking up)- Can give the impression the subject matter is powerful
High angle shot (looking down)- Can give the impression the subject matter is vulnerable 

Representation- The construction in any medium (especially the mass media) of aspects of ‘reality’ such as people, places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts. Such representations may be in speech or writing as well as still or moving pictures.
Production:  The making of the film; pre-production and funding; shoot (format); post-production (SFX).
Distribution: The way the film gets to screens; distribution company.A distributor is responsible for marketing a film
Marketing: The process of raising awareness; targeting an audience; creating publicity through various methods.
Exhibition: The way we view; getting the film to a paying audience.
Horizontal integration: Walt Disney owns many studio entertainment, consumer product companies, and media networks.
Vertical integration:  Walt Disney plans, produces, advertises, and distributes all of its products on its own.
Media Ownership is dominated by the Big 6 Media Corporations.These exist as conglomerates
Cross Media Ownership is the ownership of multiple media businesses by a person or corporation. These businesses can include broadcast and cable television, film, radio, newspaper, magazine, book publishing, music, video games, and various online entities.
Circulation. the total number of copies of a magazine, newspaper, newsletter, or catalog that are distributed via direct mail or other channels.
A conglomerate is a large company composed of a number of smaller companies (subsidiaries) engaged in seemingly unrelated businesses.
A media conglomerate is a company that owns large numbers of companies in various mass media such as television, radio, publishing, movies, and the Internet
Synergy works when different elements within a media conglomerate promote (e.g. film studio, record label, video game division) create linked products (e.g. film, soundtrack, video game).
Public service broadcasting-broadcasting intended for public benefit rather than to serve purely commercial interests   
Audience segmentation- a key activity within an audience analysis. It is the process of dividing a large audience into smaller groups of people - or segments - who have similar needs, values or characteristics.

Information and Education – the viewer wants to acquire information, knowledge and understanding by watching programmes like The News or Documentaries.

Entertainment – Viewers watch programmes for enjoyment.

Personal Identity - Viewers can recognise a person or product, role models that reflect similar values to themselves and mimic or copy some of their characteristics.

Integration and social interaction – the ability for media products to produce a topic of conversation between people. For example who is the best contestant on The X-factor who which was the best goal shown on Match of the day.

Escapism – Computer games and action films let viewers escape their real lives and imagine themselves in those situations

Cross-Cultural Consumer Characterisation model- A more useful audience segmentation model than the traditional ABC1 categorisation. It acknowledges the global nature of media audiences. Divides audiences into 7 types of consumer. MAINSTREAMERS, ASPIRERS, REFORMERS, SUCCEEDERS. (ERS) EXPLORER RESIGNED  STRUGGLER

Consumer motivations- SECURITY, CONTROL, STATUS, INDIVIDUALITY, FREEDOM, SURVIVAL and ESCAPE
Digitally convergent media: Video games consoles are an excellent example of a digitally convergent device, you can not only play games but access social media, surf the internet, stream films and TV content and upload content into cloud based servers. Cross-media content helps maximise profits and also improve reach to new customers 
Enigma code- the story hasn't been fully explained 
Action code- events to build tension
Semantic code- connotations